Mudando o status quo por meio de inovações democráticas? Três paradoxos da Península Ibérica
Palavras-chave:
inovações democráticas, democracia, status quo, Portugal, EspanhaResumo
A desconfiança dos cidadãos nas instituições democráticas tem suscitado preocupações bem como práticas inovadoras em todo o mundo. As Inovações Democráticas (IDs), como o Orçamento Participativo (OP) e as assembleias de cidadãos (ACs), podem catalisar mudanças que, para alguns académicos, desafiam o status quo. Este artigo analisa a Península Ibérica, revelando três paradoxos sobre a mudança. Em primeiro lugar, embora as IDs tenham como objetivo mudar o sistema representativo, continuam ligadas aos políticos eleitos. Em segundo lugar, embora narradas como neutrais perante o processo de definição de políticas públicas, persistem as lutas pelo poder e as negociações entre grupos de interesse. Em terceiro lugar, embora as organizações internacionais deem ênfase a técnicas replicáveis num processo de experimentação contínua, o conhecimento sobre os resultados das IDs continua limitado.
DOI:
Referências
AGUILAR, R. (2004). Los presupuestos participativos en Córdoba. Temas, v. 113, pp. 58-61.
ALGUACIL, J. (2003). Equipamientos municipales de proximidad. Plan estratégico y de participación. Gijón, Trea / Kaleidos.red
ALLEGRETTI, G.; DIAS, N. (2019). Participação cívica e políticas habitacionais: que desafios para Portugal? Cidades, Comunidades e Territórios, v. 38, pp. 20-26.
ALVES, M.; ALLEGRETTI, G. (2012). (In)stability, a key element to understand participatory budgeting: Discussing Portuguese cases. Journal of Public Deliberation, v. 8, n. 2.
ARNSTEIN, S. R. (1969). A Ladder of Citizen Participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, v. 35, n. 4, pp. 216-224.
AVRITZER, L. (2006). New public spheres in Brazil: local democracy and deliberative politics. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, v. 30, n. 3, pp. 623-637.
BÄCHTIGER, A.; GOLDBERG, S. (2020). Towards a more robust, but limited and contingent, defence of the political uses of deliberative minipublics. Journal of Deliberative Democracy, v. 16, n. 2, pp. 33-42.
BAILEY, N.; PILL, M. (2011). The continuing popularity of the neighbourhood and neighbourhood governance in the transition from the 'big state' to the 'big society' paradigm. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, v. 29, n. 5, pp. 927-942.
BAIOCCHI, G.; GANUZA, E. (2014) Participatory budgeting as if emancipation mattered. Politics & Society, v. 42, n. 1, pp. 29-50.
BAIOCCHI, G.; GANUZA, E. (2017). Popular democracy: the paradox of participation. Stanford, Stanford University Press.
BARBER, B. R. (1984). Strong democracy: participatory politics for a new age. Berkeley, University of California Press.
BEAUVAIS, E.; WARREN, M. E. (2019). What can deliberative mini-publics contribute to democratic systems? European Journal of Political Research, v. 58, n. 3, pp. 893-914.
BLANCO, I. (2009). "Las Consecuencias de la participación: evaluación del Consejo Municipal de Bienestar Social de Barcelona". In: PARÉS, M. Participación y calidad democrática: evaluando nuevas formas de democracia participativa. Barcelona, Ariel.
BOGO, R.; FALANGA, R. (2024). The cost of participation: An analysis of the financial dimensions of participatory budgets in Portugal. European Policy Analysis Ahead of print.
BORGE, R.; BALCELLS, J.; PADRÓ-SOLANET, A. (2023). Democratic disruption or continuity? analysis of the decidim platform in catalan municipalities. American Behavioral Scientist, v. 67, n. 7, pp. 926-939.
CANCELA, J.; MAGALHÃES, P. (2020). "As bases sociais dos partidos portugueses". In: BRANCO, R.; FERNANDES, T. (ed.). 45 anos de democracia em Portugal Lisboa, Assembleia da República.
CHAVEZ, D. (2008). The watering down of participatory budgeting and people power in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Participatory Learning and Action, v. 58, pp. 57-60.
COSTA LOBO, M.; COSTA PINTO, A.; MAGALHÃES, P. (2016). Portuguese democratisation 40 Years on: its meaning and enduring legacies. South European Society and Politics, v. 21, n. 2, pp. 163-180.
COSTA PINTO, A. (2006). Authoritarian legacies, transitional justice and state crisis in Portugal's democratization. Democratization, v. 13, n. 2, pp. 173-204.
COSTA PINTO, A.; SOUSA, L.; MAGALHÃES, P. (ed.) (2013). A qualidade da democracia em Portugal: a visão dos cidadãos Lisboa, Imprensa de Ciências Sociais.
CURATO, N.; HAMMOND, M.; MIN, J. B (2019). Power in deliberative democracy: norms, forums, systems. Londres, Palgrave Macmillan.
DAGNINO, E. (2004). Construção democrática, neoliberalismo e participação: os dilemas da confluência perversa. Política & Sociedade, v. 3, n. 5, pp. 139-164.
DAHL, R. A. (1989). Democracy and its critics New Haven, Yale University Press.
DE SOUSA SANTOS, B. (1998). Participatory budgeting in Porto Alegre: toward a redistributive democracy. Politics & Society, v. 26, n. 4, pp. 461-510.
DELLA PORTA, D.; FELICETTI, A. (2019). Innovating democracy against democratic stress in Europe: social movements and democratic experiments. Representation, v. 58, n.1, pp. 67-84.
DEMOCRACY INDEX (2023). Eurobarometer, 'Democracy'. Disponível em: https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2966 Acesso em: 6 jun 2024.
DRYZEK, J. S. (2010). Foundations and frontiers of deliberative governance Oxford, Oxford University Press
DRYZEK, J. S. (2022). The politics of the earth: environmental discourses. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
DRYZEK, J. S.; HENDRIKS, C. M. (2020). "The argumentative turn revisited: public policy as communicative practice". In: FISCHER, F.; GOTTWEIS, H. (ed.). The argumentative turn revisited Durham, Duke University Press.
EC - EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2001). European governance: a white paper. Disponível em: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/DOC_01_10 Acesso em: 20 mar 2020.
EIU - ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT (2023). Democracy Index 2023: age of conflict. Disponível em: https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2023/ Acesso em: 6 jun 2024.
ELSTUB, S. et al. (2021). The scope of climate assemblies: lessons from the climate assembly UK. Sustainability, v. 13, n. 20, 11272.
ELSTUB, S.; ESCOBAR, O. (ed.) (2019). Handbook of democratic innovation and governance Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing.
ERCAN, S. A.; DRYZEK, J. S. (2015). The reach of deliberative democracy. Policy Studies, v. 36, n. 3, pp. 241-248.
FALANGA, R. (2018). "Critical trends of citizen participation in policymaking. Insights from Portugal". In: LOBO, M. C.; SILVA, F. C.; ZÚQUETE, J. P. (ed.) Changing societies: legacies and challenges. Citizenship in crisis. Lisboa, Imprensa de Ciências Sociais.
FALANGA, R. (2023). "Democracia deliberativa em Portugal: aprendendo com a primeira edição do Conselho de Cidadãos de Lisboa". In: CAMERLO, M.; PIMENTA, D.; LIMA, J. G. DE; HANENBERG, L. (ed.) Democracia em Portugal 2022 - Caderno do Observatório da Qualidade da Democracia. Lisboa, Imprensa de Ciências Sociais.
FALANGA, R.; ALLEGRETTI, G. (2021). "Democracia participativa em tempos de covid-19: a procura de uma nova ritualização". In: ALMEIDA, L. F. M.; FERREIRA, M. R.; SOUSA, L. (ed.). Poder local em tempos de Covid-19. A qualidade da democracia local e a governação em tempos de Covid-19. Coimbra, Almedina. v. 1
FALANGA, R.; LÜCHMANN, L. (2020). Participatory budgets in Brazil and Portugal: Comparing patterns of dissemination. Policy Studies, v. 41, n. 6, pp. 603-622.
FERNÁNDEZ-MARTÍNEZ, J. L.; GARCÍA-ESPÍN, P.; ALARCÓN, P. (2023) Assessing the New Municipalism Reform of Advisory Councils: the cases of Madrid and Barcelona (2015-2019). Urban Affairs Review, v. 59, n. 5, pp. 1567-1600.
FISHMAN, R. M. (2011). Democratic practice after the revolution: the case of Portugal and beyond. Politics & Society, v. 39, n. 2, pp. 233-267.
FISHMAN, R. M. (2016). Rethinking dimensions of democracy for empirical analysis: authenticity, quality, depth, and consolidation. Annual Review of Political Science, v. 19, pp. 289-309.
FISHMAN, R. M.; CABRAL, M. V. (2016). Socio-historical foundations of citizenship practice: after social revolution in Portugal. Theory and Society, v. 45, n. 6, pp. 531-553.
FLESHER, C. F.; FEENSTRA, R. A. (2023) Reconsidering social movement impact on democracy: the case of Spain's 15-M movement. Social Movement Studies, v. 22, n. 3, pp. 273-303.
FONT, J.; SMITH, G.; GALAIS, C.; ALARCÓN, P. (2018). Cherry-picking participation: explaining the fate of proposals from participatory processes. European Journal of Political Research, v. 57, n. 3, pp. 626-649.
FONT, J.; BLANCO, I. (2005) ¿Qué hay detrás de la oferta de participación? El rol de los factores instrumentales e ideológicos en los mecanismos españoles de participación. Revista del CLAD Reforma y Democracia, v. 31, pp. 1-17.
FONT, J.; DELLA PORTA, D.; SINTOMER, Y. (ed.) (2014). Participatory democracy in Southern Europe: causes, characteristics, and consequences Londres/Nova York, Rowman & Littlefield International.
FRANCÉS, F. et al. (2024). Repensando la participación comunitaria: continuidades y transformaciones del Presupuesto Participativo en España. Oñati Socio-Legal Series (early view).
FREEDOM HOUSE (2024). Freedom in the World 2024: the mounting damage of flawed elections and armed conflict. Disponível em: https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/FIW_2024_DigitalBooklet.pdf Acesso em: 3 set 2024.
FUNG, A. (2020). Afterword: Does deliberative democracy have a role in our time of political crisis? Journal of Deliberative Democracy, v. 16, n. 1, pp. 75-76.
FUNG, A.; WRIGHT, E. O. (2003). Deepening democracy: Institutional innovations in empowered participatory governance Londres, Verso.
GANUZA, E.; BAIOCCHI, G. (2012). The power of ambiguity: how participatory budgeting travels the globe. Journal of Public Deliberation, v. 8, n. 2, Article 8.
GANUZA, E.; FRANCÉS, F. (2012). El círculo virtuoso de la democracia Madrid, CIS.
GANUZA, E.; NEZ, H.; MORALES, E. (2014). The struggle for a voice: tensions between associations and citizens in participatory budgeting. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, v. 38, n. 6, pp. 2274-2291.
GANUZA, E.; RAMOS, A. (2024). Hacking democratic innovations: the problem of agency in deliberative systems. Critical Policy Studies 13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19460171.2024.2423379
GASTIL, J.; WRIGHT, E. O. (2018). Legislature by lot: envisioning sortition within a bicameral system. Politics & Society, v. 46, n. 3, pp. 303-330.
GEISSEL, B. (2013). Participatory democratic innovations in Europe: Improving the quality of democracy? Leverkusen, Verlag Barbara Budrich.
HABERMAS, J. (1992). Between facts and norms: contributions to a discourse theory of law and democracy Cambridge, MIT Press.
HAJER, M. (2003). Policy without polity? Policy analysis and the institutional void. Policy Sciences, v. 36, n. 2, pp. 175-195.
HIBBING, J. R.; THEISS-MORSE, E. (2004). Stealth democracy: americans' beliefs about how government should work. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
HOPPE, R. (2011). Institutional constraints and practical problems in deliberative and participatory policy making. Policy and Politics, v. 39, n. 2, pp. 163-186.
HUNTINGTON, S. P. (1991). The third wave: democratization in the late twentieth century Norman, University of Oklahoma Press.
IDEA - International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (2023). Perceptions of democracy: a survey about how people assess democracy around the world. Disponível em: https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/2024-04/perceptions-of-democracy.pdf Acesso em: 3 set 2024.
LEAL, P. A. (2010). "Participation: the ascendancy of a buzzword in the neo-liberal era". In: CORNWALL, A.; EADE, D. (ed.) Deconstructing development discourse: buzzwords and fuzzwords Warwickshire, Practical Action Publishing & Oxfam.
MAGALHÃES, P. C. (2005). Disaffected democrats: political attitudes and political action in Portugal. West European Politics, v. 28, n. 5, pp. 973-991.
MARTÍNEZ-SÁNCHEZ, W. (2023). Presupuestos participativos: características y calidad participativa en los diseños institucionales. OBETS. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, v. 18, n. 1, pp. 133-154.
MÉRIDA, J. (2022). Nuevo municipalismo y gobernanza participativa en España (2015-2019). PhD thesis. Universidad del País Vasco.
MOHAN, G.; STOKKE, K. (2000). Participatory development and empowerment: the dangers of localism. Third World Quarterly, v. 21, n. 2, pp. 247-268.
MORUNO, M. J. (2003). "Prólogo". In: GANUZA, E.; SOTOMAYOR ÁLVAREZ, C. (ed.). Democracia y presupuestos participativos Barcelona, Icaria.
MOUFFE, C. (2000). Deliberative democracy or agonistic pluralism Wien, Institut für Höhere Studien.
MULVAD, M. A.; POPP-MADSEN, B. A. (2021). Sortition-infused democracy: empowering citizens in the age of climate emergency. Thesis Eleven, v. 167, n. 1, pp. 77-98.
NAVARRO, C. (1999). El sesgo participativo: innovación democrática en municipios del sur de Europa (1960-1995) Madrid, CSIC.
NEBOT P. C.; PIRES, V. (2021). ¿Es suficiente la voluntad política para que tenga éxito el presupuesto participativo? Administración & Desarrollo, v. 51, n. 1, pp. 125-147.
NEWTON, K.; GEISSEL, B. (2012). Evaluating democratic innovations: curing the democratic malaise? Abingdon, Routledge.
NEZ, H.; GANUZA, E. (2018). "Among militants and deliberative laboratories: the indignados". In: TEJERINA, B.; PERUGORRIA, I. (ed). Crisis and social mobilization in contemporary Spain: the 15M Movement Oxon, Routledge.
O'FLYNN, I. (2019). "Democratic innovations and theories of democracy". In: ELSTUB, S.; ESCOBAR, O. (ed.). Handbook of democratic innovation and governance Cheltenham (UK), Edward Elgar.
OECD (2001). Citizens as Partners. OECD Handbook on Information, Consultation and Public Participation in Policy-Making Paris, OECD Publishing.
OECD (2020). Innovative citizen participation and new democratic institutions: catching the deliberative wave Paris, OECD Publishing.
OECD (2023). Provision 8: Stakeholder participation. In Open government for stronger democracies: A global assessment Paris, OECD Publishing.
OLEART, A. (2024). Mass politics and collective actors in EU democratic innovation. In Blind spots European Democracy Hub. Disponível em: https://europeandemocracyhub.epd.eu/mass-politics-and-collective-actors-in-eu-democratic-innovation/ Acesso em: 10 dez 2024.
PATEMAN, C. (1970). Participation and democratic theory Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
PILET, J. B.; BOL, D.; VITTORI, D.; PAULIS, E. (2022). Public support for deliberative citizens' assemblies selected through sortition: Evidence from 15 countries. European Journal of Political Research, v. 62, n. 3, pp. 873-902.
RAMOS PINTO, P. (2013). Lisbon rising: urban social movements in the Portuguese Revolution, 1974-75 Manchester, Manchester University Press.
SANTOS, M. L.; FERREIRA, M. V.; LIMA, M. P. (1976). O 25 de Abril e as lutas sociais nas empresas Porto, Edições Afrontamento.
SARASA, S.; GUIU, J. (2001). "El Consejo Municipal de Bienestar Social de Barcelona." In: FONT, J. Ciudadanos y decisiones públicas. L'Hospitalet, Ariel.
SARTORI, G. (1987). Theory of democracy revisited Chatham/NJ, Chatham House.
SCHLIPPHAK, B.; SIMSEK, C.; TREIB, O. (2024). Report on perceptions and attitudes toward democracy. Disponível em: https://incite-dem.eu/news/perceptions-and-attitudes-toward-democracy-in-europe/ Acesso em: 15 fev 2025.
SCHUMPETER, J. (1976). Capitalism, socialism and democracy Londres, Unary University Press.
SHAPIRO, I. (2017). Collusion in restraint of democracy: against political deliberation. Daedalus, v. 146, n. 3, pp. 77-84.
SLOAM, J. (2016). Diversity and voice: The political participation of young people in the European Union. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, v. 18, n. 3, pp. 521-537.
SMITH, G. (2005). Beyond the ballot: 57 democratic innovations from around the world. The Power Inquiry, University of Westminster.
SMITH, G. (2009). Democratic innovations: designing institutions for citizen participation. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
SMITH, G. (2021). Can democracy safeguard the future? Cambridge, Polity.
VARELA, R.; SIMÕES DO PAÇO, A.; ALCÂNTARA, J.; FERREIRA, P. A. (2015). Autogestão e crise econômica na revolução portuguesa (1974-1975). Sociologia & Antropologia, v. 5, n. 2, pp. 479-499.
V-DEM (2024). Democracy Reports. Varieties of Democracy Institute. Disponível em: https://www.v-dem.net/publications/democracy-reports/ Acesso em: 12 nov 2024.
VOß J.; AMELUNG, N. (2016). Innovating public participation methods: Technoscientization and reflexive engagement. Social Studies of Science, v. 46, n. 5, pp. 749-772.
WARREN, M. E. (2017). A problem-based approach to democratic theory. American Political Science Review, v. 111, n. 1, pp. 39-53.
WARREN, M. E.; MANSBRIDGE, J. (2013). "Deliberative Negotiation". In: MANSBRIDGE, J.; MARTIN, C. J. (ed.). Negotiating agreement in politics Washington DC, APSA.
WILLIAMSON, A.; BARRAT, J. (2022). Mapping deliberative democracy in council of europe states. Council of Europe.
WRIGHT, E. O. (2010). Envisioning real utopias Londres, Verso.
WRIGHT, E. O. (2013). Transforming Capitalism through Real Utopias. American Sociological Review, v. 78, n. 1, pp. 1-25.
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2025 Roberto Falanga, Ernesto Ganuza
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
A revista não tem condições de pagar direitos autorais nem de distribuir separatas.
O Instrumento Particular de Autorização e Cessão de Direitos Autorais, datado e assinado pelo(s) autor(es), deve ser transferido no passo 4 da submissão (Transferência de Documentos Suplementares). Em caso de dúvida consulte o Manual de Submissão pelo Autor.
O conteúdo do texto é de responsabilidade do(s) autor(es).
